How to create a yum server

Here I show how to create a yum server. At first all that's rpm packages you have to copy from cd to HDD drive in given location. You also may install your rpm package using "rpm -ivh (package name)". If you use this command you have no need any yum server. If have any dependency package then you need internet connection.

At first go to your packages folder/directory, then use below command. Please follow the command & make a yum server. Enjoy.........

[server9@www ~]# rpm -ivh vsftpd
[server9@www ~]# rpm -ivh createrepo
[server9@www ~]# rpm -ivh deltarpm
[server9@www ~]# rpm -ivh phython-deltarpm
[server9@www ~]# cp -vfr Packages/ /var/ftp/pub
[server9@www ~]# cd /var/ftp/pub
[server9@www ~]# createrepo /var/ftp/pub/Packages
[server9@www ~]# cd /etc/yum.repos.d
[server9@www ~]# vim server.repo
  [RHEL]        [what ever you type in third cotation]
  name=centos        [what ever you type in third cotation]
  baseurl=ftp://192.168.10.25/pub/Packages    [this ip is your own machine]
  enabled=1
  gpgcheck=0
  :wq!            [save]
[server9@www ~]# yum clean all
[server9@www ~]# yum list

 

How to Create a mail server in centos 6 & redhat 6

Mail Server Configuration in RHEL6

MUA = Mail User Agent (Example: outlook, eudora, thanderbird etc)
MTA = Mail Transfer Agent (Protocol: SMTP) (Example: Postfix, Sendmail etc)
MDA = Mail Delivery Agent (Protocol: POP3)

SMTP Port = 25
POP3 Port = 110
MTA: Postfix
Port: 25
Package: Postfix
Daemon: Postfix
Install: yum install postfix* -y
Conf File: /etc/postfix/main.cf
MDA: Dovecot
Port: 110
Package: Dovecot
Daemon: dovecot
Install: yum install dovecot* -y
Conf File: /etc/dovecot/dovecot.conf

  How to Create a dns server

Dear Viewer: I'm trying to shortly some command how to create a dns server. Only some steps you follows, you will be create a dns server. dns server is mandatory mail server, web server, yum server and many more. Lets start..

Package Name: bind, bind-chroot

Daemon: named

Port: 63

Install: yum install bind* -y

Configuration file: /etc/named.conf

                          /etc/named.rfc1912.zones

[root@server10 named]# yum install bind* -y
[root@server10 named]# vim /etc/named.conf
//
// named.conf
//
// Provided by Red Hat bind package to configure the ISC BIND named(8) DNS
// server as a caching only nameserver (as a localhost DNS resolver only).
//
// See /usr/share/doc/bind*/sample/ for example named configuration files.
//

How to create LVM partition in command mode

LVM partition in command mode

LVM is most popular porcess in HDD partition. In LVM partition has a great facitilities. When you extend your partition using LVM, then without data loss you may extend any partition if you have free space. The free space will be same HDD or any other HDD. You may add or extend with your partition without data loss. As a system admin you have to know LVM partition.

If you have to maintain a mail server, your /var is 1TB. In a certain time (may be 5 - 8 years later, it depends on your user) your /var/log/mail will be fill up 1 TB. Then what will you do?

Whatever, to ignore your problem, please follow below step:

# fdisk -cul /dev/sda [to see hdd status]

# fdisk -cu /dev/sda [hdd partition command]

Command (m for help): n

Command action

e extended

p primary partition (1-4)

p

Partition number (1-4): 1

First cylinder (1-1044, default 1):                   [blank enter]

How to configure nfs

NFS Configuration Command

 

 

NFS = Network File System

Share File or Directory/Folder in Server PC:

In Server PC:

# mkdir /test20
# vim /etc/exports
  test/20    192.168.0.43(rw)        [Only this ip will get shared]
  or
  test/20    192.168.0.0/24(rw)        [all ip will get shared under this network]
  or
  test/20    example.com(rw)            [all ip will get shared under this domain]
  :wq!
# service nfs restart                                                        [service will be restart. N.B: some service will 

                                                                                       failed, need second time this command]
# service nfs restart
# chkconfig nfs on
# showmount -e localhost

How to create ISO file using command line.

Command of ISO Making

You may use this command for Redhat Linux 6.X version/CentOS 6.X/. 

How to make ISO from cd ROM, please follow the steps:

$ su                                                                [super user]

password:                                                      [type your root password]

# dd if=/dev/cdrom of=/xyz.iso                    [iso command]

After complete ISO making, go to Computer > Filesystem > xyz.iso. Now you may use this ISO where you lile.

dd= Destroyer of Disks

if= input file

of= output file 

How to make ISO from hard drive, please follow the steps:

$ su -                                                              [super user]

password:                                                      [type your root password]

# cd /home/guest/rony/Desktop                    [go to present user desktop]

# mkisofs -o etc.iso /etc                                [ISO making command]

After complete ISO making, please cheak your desktop. A etc.ios file are available in your desktop. Now you may use this ISO where you lile.

What is Navigation of /(root) directory

What is under /(root) director

It is very important to know which folder/directory create under /(root) directory. Because when you install any software, add a external/usb storage device, DVD ROM or any server install you have to know where they install, or mount, documentary root or any other.

How to Red Hat 6 RHEL Installation

Red Hat 6 RHEL Installation

1. Select Install or upgrade an existing system option on Grub Menu

2. Choose a language

3. Choose a keyboard type

4. Choose a installation media

5. Skip DVD media test (or select media test, if you want to test installation media before installation)

6. Red Hat 6 graphical installer starts, select next

7. Accepct Pre-Release Installation

8. Select storage devices

9. Insert computer name

10. Select time zone

11. Enter a password for root user

12. Select type of installation

Read every options info carefully. And select encrypting if needed and option to review and modify partition layout.

13. Review partition layout

Modify if needed. Default setup with ext4 and LVM looks good for desktop machine.

14. Accept write changes to disc

15. Writing changes (creating partitions) to disc

16. Configure boot loader options

Select device to install bootloader and check/create boot loader operating system list.

17. Select softwares to install and enable repositories

This case we select Software Development Workstation and enable Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6.0 Beta Repository and select Customize now.

18. Customize package selection

Select PHP and Web Server to installation.

Select MySQL and PostgreSQL Databases.

Select set of Development tools like Eclipse IDE.

19. Checking dependencies for installation

20. Starting installation process

21. Installing packages

22. Installation is complete

Click reboot computer and remove installation media.

Red Hat 6 RHEL Finishing Installation

23. Selecting RHEL 6 from grub

24. Booting Red Hat 6

25. Red Hat 6 Welcome screen

26. Create normal user

27. Setup date and time and keep up-to-date with NTP

28. Login Red Hat 6 Gnome Desktop

29. Red Hat (RHEL) 6 Gnome Desktop, empty and default look

What is Linux Kernel

 Linux Kerne

Steps

1. 1 Download the latest version of the linux kernel from http://www.kernel.org.
2. 2 Be sure to download the full source by clicking on the "F" where it says "The latest stable version is..." otherwise youll just download the patch, which is used when your current kernel is a patch number lower. An example of this would be 3.4.4.1>>3.4.4.2
3. 3 Make sure you have downloaded the complete source code, and not a patch or change log.
4. 4 Once downloaded, open a terminal.
   
   

GNOME VS KDE

Difference between GNOME & KDE

‘Gnome’ and ‘KDE’ are among the oldest and the most widely used desktop environments in GNU/Linux. They’re both basically trying to achieve the same goal — creation of a fully functional and an easy to use desktop, interestingly though, by based on two entirely different ideals.

Gnome tries to follow the ‘philosophy’ of ‘Unix’ (another operating system that ‘inspired’ the initial development of ‘GNU/Linux’), ‘do one thing and do it well’, thus their applications are extremely simple and don’t have a lot of configuration options (very similar to Apple’s Mac OS’s UI guidelines).

KDE on the other hand, comes with a lot of options and features so the users are given the ‘freedom’ to interact and customize applications the way they want. With the version ’4.0′, KDE too underwent a lot of UI changes and as a result nowadays it looks a lot simpler than how it used to be (when comparing with 3.0 or latter versions for instance).

It might seem that they both belong to the same ‘group’ of people, sharing the same belief system. I may have extracted the ‘wrong bits’ from my experiences, but I think that both Gnome & KDE developers disagree with each other, fundamentally.

KDE Desktop

 Information of KDE Dekstop

This article is about the free software community. For the desktop and other graphical environments, see KDE Plasma Workspaces. For other uses, see KDE (disambiguation).

KDE /ˌkeɪdiːˈiː/ is an international free software community^[1] producing an integrated set of cross-platform applications designed to run on Linux, FreeBSD, Solaris, Microsoft Windows, and OS X systems. It is known for its Plasma Desktop, a desktop environment provided as the default working environment on many Linux distributions, such as Kubuntu, Pardus, and openSUSE.^[2]

The goal of the community is to provide basic desktop functions and applications for daily needs as well as tools and documentation for developers to write stand-alone applications for the system. In this regard, the KDE project serves as an umbrella project for many standalone applications and smaller projects that are based on KDE technology. These include Calligra Suite, digiKam, Rekonq, K3b, and many others.
KDE software is based on the Qt framework. The original GPL version of this toolkit only existed for the X11 platform, but with the release of Qt 4, LGPL versions are available for all platforms. This allows KDE software based on Qt 4 to also be distributed to Microsoft Windows and OS X.

 

KDE

Founder(s)	Matthias Ettrich
Type	Community
Founded	October 14, 1996
Product(s)	KDE Software Compilation, Calligra Suite, KDevelop, Amarok, etc.
Focus	Free software
Method	Artwork, development, documentation, promotion, and translation.
Motto	Experience Freedom!
Website	kde.org

Product releases

Main article: KDE Software Compilation

KDE Plasma Desktop 4.10, showing KWrite

Matthias Ettrich chose to use Trolltech’s Qt framework for the KDE project.^[6] Other programmers quickly started developing KDE/Qt applications, and by early 1997, a few applications were being released. On 12 July 1998 the first version of the desktop environment, called KDE 1.0, was released.

Version	Date	Information
	October 14, 1996	KDE development announced
1.0	July 12, 1998
2.0	October 23, 2000
3.0	April 3, 2002
4.0	January 11, 2008

GNOME desktop initialization

Initialization about GNOME desktop

If the system is configured to boot to run level 3 (console mode) the X-Windows is started by the command xinit. If configured to boot to run level 5 then the gdm will be executed at system start-up. The choice of using the KDE (kdm) or GNOME (gdm) login manager is set in the config file /etc/sysconfig/desktop. There are two options:

• DESKTOP="GNOME"
  (Configure with: /usr/sbin/gdmsetup)
  or
• DISPLAYMANAGER="KDE"

GDM Startup:

1. X-Windows command xinit:
   • /etc/X11/xinit/xinitrc
     which sets the environment and calls:
   • /etc/X11/xinit/xinitrc-common
     which set the root window, sets resource files for the:
     • keyboard (/etc/X11/Xmodmap)
     • fonts (/etc/X11/Xresources)
     • ...
     and executes X-Windows start-up scripts in /etc/X11/xinit/xinitrc.d/...
   • /etc/X11/xinit/xinput.d/...
     language configurations ...
2. The login screen: /usr/bin/gdm
3. X-windows script /etc/X11/xdm/Xsession starts X-windows session and then calls /usr/bin/gnome-session
4. gnome-session : This sets up GNOME desktop environment.
   Config file: /usr/share/gnome/default.session
   

   01 # This is the default session that is launched if the user doesn't 02 # already have a session. 03 # The RestartCommand specifies the command to run from the $PATH. 04 # The Priority determines the order in which the commands are started 05 # (with Priority = 0 first) and defaults to 50. 06 # The id provides a name that is unique within this file and passed to the 07 # app as the client id which it must use to register with gnome-session. 08 # The clients must be numbered from 0 to the value of num_clients - 1. 09   10 [Default] 11 num_clients=7 12 0,id=default0 13 0,Priority=60 14 0,RestartCommand=<b>pam-panel-icon</b> --sm-client-id default0 15 1,id=default1 16 1,Priority=10 17 1,RestartCommand=<b>gnome-wm</b> --default-wm gnome-wm --sm-client-id default1 18 2,id=default2 19 2,Priority=40 20 2,RestartCommand=<b>gnome-panel</b> --sm-client-id default2 21 3,id=default3 22 3,Priority=40 23 3,RestartCommand=<b>nautilus</b> --no-default-window --sm-client-id default3 24 4,id=default4 25 4,Priority=60 26 4,RestartCommand=<b>rhn-applet-gui</b> --sm-client-id default4 27 5,id=default5 28 5,Priority=50 29 5,RestartCommand=<b>eggcups</b> --sm-client-id default5 30 6,id=default6 31 6,Priority=40 32 6,RestartCommand=<b>magicdev</b> --sm-client-id default6

   This config file lists the GNOME processes to start. GUI configuration tools:
   

   • /usr/bin/gnome-session-properties

     

   • /usr/bin/gnome-session-remove
   • /usr/bin/gnome-session-save

   gnome-session executable and config file starts:
   
   • pam-panel-icon
   • gnome-wm (Script /usr/bin/gnome-wm to start window manager)
     Script also identified in config file: /usr/share/gnome/default.wm

     1 [Default] 2 WM=gnome-wm

     Uses first window manager found in list in script: i.e. metacity sawfish sawmill enlightenment icewm wmaker fvwm2 qvwm fvwm twm kwm
     Gnome-wm also uses environment variable: WINDOW_MANAGER
     Script then uses gconftool to set gconf key. (gconf key: /desktop/gnome/applications/window_manager/default) Also starts omf
     Configure with /usr/bin/gnome-session-properties
   • gnome-panel (toolbar)
     Configure with gnome-panel-properties-capplet
     Add launcher with gnome-panel-add-launcher
   • nautilus : Manages desktop icons and provides a file manager.
   • rhn-applet-gui : up2date and network alert notification tool.
   • eggcups : printer support
   • magicdev
     CD and DVD mounter. Config tool: gnome-cd-properties
     Config files:
     • /etc/gconf/schemas/magicdev.schemas
     • /usr/share/applications/gnome-cd-properties.desktop
   Also uses ~/.gnome/session (Mine is empty)
   Can save with save-session for later start-up.

GDM commands:

• GDM Configuration GUI: /usr/sbin/gdmconfig (same as gdmsetup)
  
  
• Re-Start:
  • Red Hat/Fedora Core: /usr/sbin/gdm-restart
    /usr/sbin/gdm-safe-restart
  • S.u.S.e.: /opt/gnome/sbin/gdm-restart
    /opt/gnome/sbin/gdm-safe-restart
• Stop:
  • Red Hat/Fedora Core: /usr/sbin/gdm-stop
  • S.u.S.e.: /opt/gnome/sbin/gdm-stop

Components: ORBit: CORBA drag-drop Uses libgnorba for CORBA registry which calls gnome-name-service. gnome-name-service - Orbit name service GOAD is the GNOME Object Activation Directory. It keeps track of the CORBA object implementations on system.
Red Hat / Fedora Packages: usermode-gtk gnome-session magicdev gnome-panel

Knowing about Red Hat Desktop

Red Hat Desktop

Two kinds of Red Hat Linux, Version 6 Desktop

1. Gnome Desktop
2. KDE Desktop

GNOME Desktop: GNOME is a desktop environment and graphical user interface that runs on top of a computer operating system. It is composed entirely of free and open source software and is developed by both volunteers and paid contributors, the largest corporate contributor being Red Hat^. It is an international project that includes creating software development frameworks, selecting application software for the desktop, and working on the programs that manage application launching, file handling, and window and task management.

KDE Desktop: KDE is an international free software community^[1] producing an integrated set of cross-platform applications designed to run on Linux, FreeBSD, Solaris, Microsoft Windows, and OS X systems. It is known for its Plasma Desktop, a desktop environment provided as the default working environment on many Linux distributions, such as Kubuntu, Pardus, and openSUSE.